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About Théa

Théa's values center around innovation, patient care, integrity, and a commitment to advancing eye health. As a company specializing in ophthalmic products, Théa aims to lead in the development of new and effective treatments for eye diseases, ensuring that patients receive the highest standard of care. The company emphasizes research and development, striving to bring groundbreaking solutions to market. Ethical business practices, transparency, and sustainability are core to its values, reflecting a dedication to not only patients but also the environment and society at large. Théa fosters a culture of respect, collaboration, and continuous learning, encouraging employees to contribute to their mission of improving eye health globally.
ABAK® innovation refers to a preservative-free dispensing system used in eye care products, particularly in eye drops multidose bottle. This technology is designed to maintain the sterility of the liquid inside the bottle throughout its usage period, despite repeated opening and closing. The system is particularly beneficial for patients with sensitive eyes or those requiring long-term treatment, as it minimizes the risk of irritation associated with preservatives. Moreover, the ABAK® system allows for precise dosing, which ensures that patients use the correct amount of medication, thereby reducing waste and increasing the cost-effectiveness of the treatment. The innovative design of the bottle is focused on enhancing user experience, ensuring ease of use, and maintaining the effectiveness of the eye care solution without the need for traditional preservative agents.
If you wish to unsubscribe from the Théa – eyecare newsletter, you can typically do so by clicking the “unsubscribe” link located at the bottom of the newsletter emails. This link should direct you to a page where you can confirm your desire to unsubscribe from future communications. If for any reason the link is not working, you can also contact Théa  for assistance in removing your email address from the mailing list, ensuring that you no longer receive unsolicited emails.
THEA takes the privacy and security of personal data very seriously, adhering to strict data protection laws and regulations. Personal information collected by THEA is used responsibly and securely, only for the purposes for which it was collected, such as providing customer service, processing orders, or sending informational newsletters. The company implements robust security measures to protect personal data from unauthorized access, disclosure, alteration, or destruction. Individuals have the right to access, correct, or delete their personal data held by THEA, ensuring transparency and control over their information.
Pharmacovigilance is a critical aspect of healthcare, focusing on the collection, monitoring, research, and evaluation of information related to the safety and efficacy of drugs. It aims to identify, assess, understand, and prevent adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. Théa is committed to ensure the highest standards of patient safety. This ongoing process helps in making informed decisions about the use of medicines, ensuring that the benefits outweigh the risks.
If you require advice or information regarding a Théa product, the best course of action is to contact us through our contact form. Théa provides dedicated support to address any queries or concerns you may have about their products. Contact information can typically be found on Théa’s website, including phone numbers and email addresses. Additionally, healthcare professionals, such as pharmacists, ophthalmologists, or optometrists, can also provide valuable advice and information on Théa products suitable for your specific needs.
Théa’s products are predominantly made in France, emphasizing the company's commitment to maintaining high-quality manufacturing standards. Approximately 60% of its products are produced within the country, leveraging advanced pharmaceutical technology and strict quality control measures. This local production choice ensures that the products meet the rigorous safety and efficacy standards expected by healthcare professionals and patients alike. While Théa is a global entity, its production ethos underscores a commitment to European quality and safety regulations.
Yes, Théa is a French pharmaceutical company, rooted in a rich history of innovation and expertise in eye care. Founded and headquartered in France, Théa has grown to become a leading name in eye care, reflecting the country's reputation for high-quality healthcare and pharmaceutical excellence. While the company has a global reach, providing products and services worldwide, its core operations and a significant portion of its manufacturing base remain in France, adhering to the stringent European standards for pharmaceutical production and safety.
Théa is deeply committed to various causes that align with its mission to support eye health and sustainable development. The company is dedicated to reducing environmental impact, supporting educational initiatives, and providing resources to underprivileged areas. Its commitment extends beyond products to include global outreach and education programs, emphasizing the importance of eye health and preventing vision-related issues. Théa initiatives demonstrate a comprehensive approach to corporate responsibility, focusing on creating a positive impact on society and the environment while advancing health care by developing, applying, and promoting responsible practices at every stage of the product lifecycle.

Allergy

If you have allergic conjunctivitis, it is advised to avoid wearing eye make-up.

Although cosmetic ingredients and products are tested to ensure they are safe for consumers, there is evidence of  the contamination of cosmetic products in the tear film (the protective thin layer of tears that spreads across the surface of the cornea every time you blink).12This may result from simple migration or arise from poor application technique or from eye rubbing.13 The cosmetic products can exacerbate tear film instability and induce signs and symptoms of ocular surface diseases such as ocular allergy and dry eye disorders.14 Potential ocular complications of eye cosmetic usage include damage to the cornea and conjunctiva due to physical injury caused by nonstandard operational procedures, irritation or toxic effects from a chemical constituent in the cosmetic used and infection.14 In addition, eye cosmetics contain allergens such as perfume, preservatives, and other agents known to cause allergic contact dermatitis.12  If you need to use any eye drops, you should be particularly advised to avoid ocular cosmetics.14

12Ng A, Evans K, North RV, Jones L, Purslow C. Impact of Eye Cosmetics on the Eye, Adnexa, and Ocular Surface. Eye Contact Lens 2016;42(4):211-20.
13Ng A, Evans K, North RV, Purslow C. Migration of cosmetic products into the tear film. Eye Contact Lens 2015;41(5):304-9.
14Norris MR, Bielory L. Cosmetics and ocular allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2018;18(5):404-410.
The main symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis include itchy eyes, red eyes, and swelling of the conjunctiva.8

Upon exposure, the allergens cause symptoms such as itching, tearing, redness, swelling of the conjunctiva (also called chemosis) and a mild inflammatory reaction which begins within seconds to minutes after allergen exposure and may last for 20-30 minutes.9 This may be followed-up by a late phase of the allergic reaction which occurs a few hours later and lead to ocular inflammation that perpetuates symptoms.4,9 The prominent symptom of ocular allergy is itching. Without itching, the eye condition should not be considered an ocular allergy.10 Ocular itching is accompanied by redness due to a superficial vasodilatation. Swelling of the conjunctiva (chemosis) can also be present, although it is usually subtle and thus only visible by the eye care professional on microscope slit lamp examination. More readily observable is the glassy appearance of the eye. Swelling can also become apparent in the eye lids. Although lid swelling peaks within 15 to 30 minutes after exposure, it tends to dissipate slowly.10 Symptoms are commonly associated with other systemic allergic manifestations, such as sneezing, nasal discharge, and other symptoms of allergic rhinitis.1 Pain and decreased visual acuity are uncommon in the case of a simple allergic conjunctivitis.1

1.Baab S, Le PH, Gurnani B, Kinzer EE. Allergic conjunctivitis. 2024 Jan 26. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.
4.Villegas BV, Benitez-Del-Castillo JM. Current knowledge in allergic conjunctivitis. Turk J Ophthalmol 2021;51(1):45-54.
8.La Rosa M, Lionetti E, Reibaldi M, Russo A, Longo A, Leonardi S, Tomarchio S, Avitabile T, Reibaldi A. Allergic conjunctivitis: a comprehensive review of the literature. Ital J Pediatr 2013;39;18.
9.Dupuis P, Prokopich CL, Hynes A, Kim H. A contemporary look at allergic conjunctivitis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2020;16;5.
10.Ono SJ, Abelson MB. Allergic conjunctivitis: update on pathophysiology and prospects for future treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;115(1):118-22.
The diagnosis is based on clinical signs and allergic tests (skin test and/or specific antibodies in the blood).8

The diagnosis of ocular allergy is relatively simple and is based mostly on clinical history, signs, and symptoms, which may or may not be confirmed by the results of allergy tests. The tests are requested more frequently in perennial allergic conjunctivitis because it is more difficult to diagnose due to the lack of specific clinical signs, and its non-seasonality.6

When the patient history is clear and the symptoms are typical of allergic conjunctivitis, the allergy tests are usually not needed. When the diagnosis is not clear, a basic skin test or specific serum immunoglobulin determination is recommended.11

8La Rosa M, Lionetti E, Reibaldi M, Russo A, Longo A, Leonardi S, Tomarchio S, Avitabile T, Reibaldi A. Allergic conjunctivitis: a comprehensive review of the literature. Ital J Pediatr 2013;39:18.
6Leonardi A, Piliego F, Castegnaro A, Lazzarini D, La Gloria Valerio A, Mattana P, Fregona I. Allergic conjunctivitis: a cross-sectional study. Clin Exp Allergy 2015a;45(6):1118-25.
11Kari O, Saari KM. Updates in the treatment of ocular allergies. J Asthma Allergy 2010;3:149-58.
Allergic conjunctivitis tends to have a chronic course with recurrent flare-ups (i.e. periods of symptom exacerbation).5

If you suffer from allergic conjunctivitis, you may experience periods of more and less symptoms when you are in contact with the allergen, which resolve completely between flares-ups.4 In some cases, it might take several weeks to suppress symptoms and complete elimination might not be possible.5

Generally (in 70% of cases), only a few episodes of mild conjunctivitis occur each year; while frequent episodes with intense and persistent symptoms may occur in 30% of cases. In 25% of cases, you may suffer from severe symptoms more than four times per week and for more than 4 weeks in duration.6

Seasonal conjunctivitis (SAC) is an acute disease usually due to outdoor allergens such as grass pollens and thus appears only in certain periods of the year that may vary with seasons and climate. Perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC) is rather chronic, with exacerbation (flare-ups) and remission periods, and is usually due to indoor airborne allergens, like dust mites or pet hair.4 In an online survey, more than half of cases had daily symptoms during their seasons, and around 75% had severe symptoms.7

5. Patel DS, Arunakirinathan M, Stuart A, Angunawela R. Allergic eye disease. BMJ 2017; 359:j4706
6. Leonardi A, Piliego F, Castegnaro A, Lazzarini D, La Gloria Valerio A, Mattana P, Fregona I. Allergic conjunctivitis: a cross-sectional study. Clin Exp Allergy 2015a;45(6):1118-25.
7. Meltzer EO, Farrar JR, Sennett C. Findings from an online survey assessing the burden and management of seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in US patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2017;5(3):779-789.e6
To prevent allergic reactions, it is advised to reduce exposure to allergens (pollen, or house dust, cats) when possible.5

Allergen avoidance when possible is a reasonable approach to prevent allergic conjunctivitis, but this is not always possible because of the unavoidable presence of the allergen source or the number of allergens to which you may be sensitive.15

For seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, you should be aware of the distribution and density of common allergens (i.e., pollen and mold counts). Washing the hair prior to going to bed can help reduce allergen exposure.15  Sunglasses can also be useful to reduce pollen exposure.5

For perennial allergic conjunctivitis, if there is a known allergen (house dust mites, mold, and animal dander), various measures can be initiated including frequent replacement of pillow, blanket, and mattress covers, frequent floor cleaning and vacuuming, using bedding that is impermeable to house dust mites, air purifiers with high efficiency particulate air filters, and acaricide sprays.5  Proper ventilation of home and office environments is also advised.15

If you have predictable flare-ups, it is advisable to use treatment several weeks before and during certain periods (e.g,, spring and summer rather than as needed).5

7Patel DS, Arunakirinathan M, Stuart A, Angunawela R. Allergic eye disease. BMJ 2017;359:j4706.
15Bielory L, Meltzer EO, Nichols KK, Melton R, Thomas RK, Bartlett JD. An algorithm for the management of allergic conjunctivitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2013;34(5):408-20.
Treatment of allergic conjunctivitis should be started immediately until all the symptoms disappear, in order to prevent the transformation of allergic conjunctivitis to a chronic inflammation.11

It is important that allergic conjunctivitis is diagnosed early and treated appropriately. This should decrease the number of relapses, avoid possible complications, and improve your quality of life.4

In most cases, allergic conjunctivitis is a benign condition, and complications are rare.1  In severe cases, you may experience extreme discomfort, and damage to the ocular surface.10  If you experience corneal damage (keratitis), this may lead to visual impairment.1

Keratitis was reported to be severe and persistent in almost 10% of ocular allergic cases. Thus, clinical corneal involvement is not as uncommon as thought in ocular allergic patients.6

1Baab S, Le PH, Gurnani B, Kinzer EE. Allergic conjunctivitis. 2024 Jan 26. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan–.
4Villegas BV, Benitez-Del-Castillo JM. Current knowledge in allergic conjunctivitis. Turk J Ophthalmol 2021;51(1):45-54.
6Leonardi A, Piliego F, Castegnaro A, Lazzarini D, La Gloria Valerio A, Mattana P, Fregona I. Allergic conjunctivitis: a cross-sectional study. Clin Exp Allergy 2015a;45(6):1118-25.
10Ono SJ, Abelson MB. Allergic conjunctivitis: update on pathophysiology and prospects for future treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;115(1):118-22.
11Kari O, Saari KM. Updates in the treatment of ocular allergies. J Asthma Allergy 2010;3:149-58.
Avoidance of contact lens wear during symptomatic periods of ocular allergy is recommended.16

Contact lens wear can exacerbate allergic eye disease.5 Contact lens wearers with an acute red eye should be assessed by an ophthalmologist and offered guidance regarding optimal care of their lenses. It is recommended to avoid or reduce contact lens use until acute symptoms subside.5 When contact lens wear is no more possible, you may need to consider alternative eyewear options.1

1Baab S, Le PH, Gurnani B, Kinzer EE. Allergic conjunctivitis. 2024 Jan 26. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan–.
5Patel DS, Arunakirinathan M, Stuart A, Angunawela R. Allergic eye disease. BMJ 2017;359:j4706.
16Thong BY. Allergic conjunctivitis in Asia. Asia Pac Allergy 2017;7(2):57-64.
Allergy conjunctivitis can be differentiated from other forms by its specific triggers (such as pollen, dust, or animal dander) and bilateral presentation, with symptoms typically affecting both eyes. In contrast, infectious conjunctivitis, caused by bacteria or viruses, might start in one eye and spread to the other, and is often accompanied by mucous discharge and other signs of infection.
The primary symptoms of allergy conjunctivitis include itching, redness, swelling of the eyelids, and watery discharge, which are all immune responses to allergens. These symptoms are distinct from the gritty feeling or pus production seen in bacterial infections. The causes are typically environmental allergens such as pollen, dust mites, mold, or pet dander, which trigger an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals.
Treating allergy conjunctivitis involves a combination of avoiding known allergens, using cold compresses to alleviate symptoms, and applying over-the-counter or prescription medications. Medications may include antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, or corticosteroids for more severe cases. Artificial tears can also help to rinse allergens from the eyes. In some instances, immunotherapy may be recommended for long-term relief from allergies.

AMD

Individuals with Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) can still be candidates for cataract surgery. Cataracts and AMD are common eye conditions that often coexist, particularly in the older population. Cataract surgery involves the removal of the cloudy lens and its replacement with an artificial lens, which can significantly improve visual clarity. However, it's crucial for individuals with AMD to have a thorough evaluation by an eye specialist. The specialist will assess the potential benefits and risks based on the specific condition of the eye and the stage of AMD. In some cases, improving the clarity of vision with cataract surgery can aid in the management of AMD by facilitating better monitoring of the condition and more effective treatment. However, it's important to have realistic expectations, as cataract surgery will not improve the vision loss caused by AMD itself. The decision to proceed with cataract surgery involves a careful consideration of individual factors, and it should be made in consultation with an eye care professional who is familiar with both conditions 5; 7.

5 Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS): design implications. AREDS 
report no. 1. Control Clin Trials 1999;20(6):573-600.
7 Kessel L, Erngaard D, Flesner P, Andresen J, Tendal B, Hjortdal J. Cataract surgery and age-related macular degeneration. An evidence-based update. Acta Ophthalmol. 2015 Nov;93(7):593-600. doi: 10.1111/aos.12665. Epub 2015 Jan 20. PMID: 25601333; PMCID: PMC6680180.
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss, especially in older adults, but it does not lead to complete blindness. AMD affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for detailed vision used in activities like reading and driving. As a result, individuals with advanced AMD may experience significant central vision loss. However, peripheral vision is generally not affected by AMD. This means that even in advanced stages of the disease, people retain some level of visual function, which is why AMD is not considered a cause of complete blindness. Nonetheless, the loss of central vision can significantly impact daily activities and quality of life, emphasizing the importance of preventive measures, regular eye examinations, and early treatment to preserve vision as much as possible 1; 2 ; 3; 4.

1 American Academy of Ophthalmology Retina/Vitreous Panel. Preferred Practice Pattern Guidelines. Age-Related Macular Degeneration. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; January 2015.
2 Broadhead GK, Grigg JR, Chang AA, McCluskey P. Dietary modification and supplementation for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. Nutr. Rev 2015; 73: 448-62.
3 Carneiro Â, Andrade JP. Nutritional and Lifestyle Interventions for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:6469138. doi: 10.1155/2017/6469138. Epub 2017 Jan 5. Erratum in: Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:2435963. PMID: 28154734; PMCID: PMC5244028.
4 Chen Y, Bedell M, Zhang K. Age-related macular degeneration: genetic and environmental factors of disease. Mol Interv 2010; 10: 271-81.
While focusing on what to include in your diet is crucial for preventing Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) and maintaining overall eye health, it's equally important to be aware of foods that may have a negative impact. Foods high in saturated fats and trans fats can contribute to the development of heart disease and other health conditions that can indirectly affect eye health. Processed foods and those with high sugar content can lead to inflammation and oxidative stress, which are risk factors for AMD. Additionally, excessive consumption of alcohol may have a detrimental effect on eye health. It's also wise to be cautious with foods that have a high glycemic index, as they can lead to spikes in blood sugar levels, potentially contributing to retinal damage over time3. Adopting a balanced diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats, while avoiding excessive intake of unhealthy fats, sugars, and processed foods, is a proactive approach to maintaining eye health and reducing the risk of AMD 6.

6Coleman HR. Modifiable risk factors of age-related macular degeneration. In Ho AC and Regillo CD (eds.), Age-related Macular Degeneration Diagnosis and Treatment. Springer. 2011. 15-22.
If you're inquiring whether AMD can develop suddenly, it's crucial to understand that Age-Related Macular Degeneration typically progresses over time, often years. However, the rate of progression can vary significantly among individuals. The dry form of AMD generally advances slowly, allowing individuals time to adapt to gradual changes in vision. On the other hand, the wet form of AMD can lead to more rapid and severe vision loss. Sudden changes in vision, like a significant blurring of central vision, distortion of straight lines, or a dark spot in the center of vision, may indicate the onset or progression of AMD and warrant immediate medical attention. Regular comprehensive eye exams are essential for early detection and timely intervention, potentially slowing the progression and preserving vision 1;4;5.

1 Academy of Ophthalmology Retina/Vitreous Panel. Preferred Practice Pattern Guidelines. Age-Related Macular Degeneration. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; January 2015.
4 Chen Y, Bedell M, Zhang K. Age-related macular degeneration: genetic and environmental factors of disease. Mol Interv 2010; 10: 271-81.
5 Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS): design implications. AREDS 
report no. 1. Control Clin Trials 1999;20(6):573-600.
As of now, there is no complete cure for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). However, significant advancements in treatment and management strategies have been made. The approach to managing AMD largely depends on the stage and type of the disease – mainly categorized as either dry (atrophic) or wet (neovascular) AMD. For the dry form, which is the most common, lifestyle modifications like diet and nutritional supplements are often recommended. These can help slow progression but not reverse the damage. For the wet form, treatments such as injections can help slow vision loss by reducing the number of abnormal blood vessels in the retina and leakage from these vessels. Early detection and ongoing management are crucial in maintaining the best possible vision and quality of life. Regular eye exams, attention to diet, and lifestyle adjustments, along with adherence to treatment plans, are vital components of managing AMD 1;4.

1 American Academy of Ophthalmology Retina/Vitreous Panel. Preferred Practice Pattern Guidelines. Age-Related Macular Degeneration. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; January 2015.
4 Chen Y, Bedell M, Zhang K. Age-related macular degeneration: genetic and environmental factors of disease. Mol Interv 2010; 10: 271-81.
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a prevalent condition, particularly among the aging population. It is one of the leading causes of severe vision impairment and blindness in older adults, especially in developed countries. The prevalence of AMD increases significantly with age. It is estimated that the condition affects a substantial portion of those over the age of 50, and the risk continues to increase as one ages. Several factors contribute to the risk of developing AMD, including genetics, race (more common in Caucasians), and smoking4. Lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and exposure to sunlight also play a role. The widespread nature of this condition makes it a significant public health concern, emphasizing the need for awareness, early detection, and effective management strategies to mitigate the impact of AMD on the aging population 4; 5.

4 Chen Y, Bedell M, Zhang K. Age-related macular degeneration: genetic and environmental factors of disease. Mol Interv 2010; 10: 271-81.
5 Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS): design implications. AREDS 
report no. 1. Control Clin Trials 1999;20(6):573-600.
Several key nutrients have been identified as crucial in preventing or slowing the progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Vitamins C and E are potent antioxidants that protect the cells of the eyes from oxidative stress, a significant factor in the development and progression of AMD. Zinc plays a vital role in maintaining the health of the retina and may help protect against AMD progression. Lutein and Zeaxanthin are carotenoids found in high concentrations in the macula; they act as natural sunscreens for the eyes and protect them from harmful light waves. Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA, are essential for retinal health and may have protective effects against AMD. These nutrients can be found in a variety of foods: Vitamins C and E in citrus fruits, nuts, and green leafy vegetables; Zinc in meat, shellfish, and legumes; Lutein and Zeaxanthin in kale, spinach, and corn; and Omega-3 fatty acids in fish and flaxseeds. A balanced diet rich in these nutrients can contribute significantly to the health of the macula and the prevention or slowing of AMD 2; 3; 4.

2 Broadhead GK, Grigg JR, Chang AA, McCluskey P. Dietary modification and supplementation for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. Nutr. Rev 2015; 73: 448-62.
3 Carneiro Â, Andrade JP. Nutritional and Lifestyle Interventions for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:6469138. doi: 10.1155/2017/6469138. Epub 2017 Jan 5. Erratum in: Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:2435963. PMID: 28154734; PMCID: PMC5244028.
4 Chen Y, Bedell M, Zhang K. Age-related macular degeneration: genetic and environmental factors of disease. Mol Interv 2010; 10: 271-81.
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a medical condition that primarily affects the central part of the retina, known as the macula. This part of the eye is crucial for sharp, detailed vision, which is used in activities like reading, driving, and recognizing faces. AMD is characterized by the deterioration of the macula, leading to vision impairment, and it primarily occurs in older adults, hence the name 'age-related.' Nutrition plays a significant role in the development and progression of AMD. Research indicates that certain nutrients have protective properties for eye health. Antioxidants, for instance, help combat oxidative stress, a significant factor in AMD progression. Nutrients like lutein and zeaxanthin filter harmful high-energy light waves, while essential fatty acids contribute to retinal health. Therefore, a diet rich in these nutrients can potentially reduce the risk or slow down the progression of AMD, highlighting the significant relationship between diet, overall nutritional status, and eye health 1; 2; 3

1 American Academy of Ophthalmology Retina/Vitreous Panel. Preferred Practice Pattern Guidelines. Age-Related Macular Degeneration. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; January 2015.
2 Broadhead GK, Grigg JR, Chang AA, McCluskey P. Dietary modification and supplementation for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. Nutr. Rev 2015; 73: 448-62.
3 Carneiro Â, Andrade JP. Nutritional and Lifestyle Interventions for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:6469138. doi: 10.1155/2017/6469138. Epub 2017 Jan 5. Erratum in: Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:2435963. PMID: 28154734; PMCID: PMC5244028.

Dry eye

If you're experiencing the discomforting symptoms of dry eye, such as persistent dryness, irritation, or a gritty sensation in your eyes, it's wise to seek the expertise of a healthcare professional. Dry eye can be more than a mere annoyance; it can signal underlying health issues or lead to more serious eye conditions if left unchecked. An optometrist or ophthalmologist, specialists in eye health, are the professionals best equipped to diagnose and treat this condition. 6

Upon consultation, these eye care experts will conduct a thorough examination to determine if you indeed have dry eye and to ascertain the severity of the condition. They have the tools and knowledge to provide an accurate diagnosis, which is crucial for effective treatment. Once diagnosed, they can tailor a management strategy to your specific needs, which may include over-the-counter remedies like artificial tears, prescription medication, associated to lifestyle modifications to alleviate your symptoms. 6

Moreover, these specialists can guide you through long-term management strategies to ensure your eyes remain healthy and comfortable. They'll monitor your condition's progression and adjust treatments as necessary, providing you with the best care possible. Consulting with an optometrist or ophthalmologist when you suspect dry eye is not just a recommendation; it's a crucial step towards safeguarding your ocular health.

6 Bron, Anthony J., Cintia S. de Paiva, Sunil K. Chauhan, Stefano Bonini, Eric E. Gabison, Sandeep Jain, Erich Knop, Maria Markoulli, Yoko Oga- wa, Victor Perez, Yuichi Uchino, Norihiko Yokoi, Driss Zoukhri, and Da- vid A. Sullivan. 2017. “TFOS DEWS II Pathophysiology Report.” Ocular Surface 15 p.16 ;17
Dry eye syndrome is typically associated with a bilateral impact, where both eyes experience the discomfort and symptoms related to this condition. However, it's not exclusive to both eyes; dry eye can in some cases indeed affect just one eye, a condition referred to as "unilateral dry eye."

It's essential for individuals experiencing symptoms in one eye to consult with an eye care professional.
Living with dry eye doesn't mean you have to forgo the pleasures of wearing makeup. In fact, with a few mindful choices, you can enhance your features while taking care of your sensitive eyes. The key is to select the right products and use them wisely. When shopping for makeup, look for hypoallergenic options. These products are formulated to be gentle on the skin and eyes, reducing the risk of irritation that can exacerbate dry eye symptoms.

Application is just one part of the process; removal is equally important. It's crucial to be gentle when removing makeup to avoid further irritation to your eyes. Use a soft, gentle, preferably preservative-free makeup remover and avoid rubbing your eyes harshly. This can help prevent any unnecessary stress on your already sensitive eye area.

Moreover, incorporating lubricating eye drops into your routine can be a game-changer for those with dry eyes. These drops can provide the additional moisture your eyes need, creating a more comfortable environment for both wearing makeup and maintaining eye health. Apply them before you start your makeup routine to prep your eyes and consider using them throughout the day to refresh your eyes as needed.

By choosing the right products, handling your eyes with care, and keeping them well-lubricated, you can enjoy the confidence that comes with wearing makeup without compromising the comfort of your eyes. Always remember, managing dry eye effectively while wearing makeup is about balancing beauty routines with eye health precautions.
If you’re grappling with dry eye, you might wonder if contact lenses are still an option for you. The answer isn’t a simple yes or no; it hinges on the severity of your dry eye condition. For some, wearing contact lenses can exacerbate dry eye symptoms, while others may not experience significant discomfort. This is where the expertise of an eye care professional becomes invaluable. They can assess the severity of your dry eye and provide personalized advice on whether contact lenses are a suitable choice for you. 9

Fortunately, advancements in contact lens technology have led to the development of specialized lenses designed to accommodate those with dry eyes. These lenses are crafted to retain moisture better, reduce irritation, and provide comfort even in the presence of dry eye symptoms. However, selecting the right type of lens is just one piece of the puzzle.

Proper eye care and lens maintenance are critical to ensuring that wearing contact lenses doesn’t aggravate your condition. This means adhering to a strict hygiene regimen, using appropriate lens solutions, and possibly incorporating supportive treatments like artificial tears. 9

Regular follow-ups with your eye care provider are also essential. These check-ins allow for adjustments to your contact lens prescription or care routine and help monitor the health of your eyes. With the right approach and professional guidance, wearing contact lenses with dry eye can be a comfortable experience for many.

9 Toda, Ikuko. 2002. “Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis for Patients With Dry Eye.” Archives of Ophthalmology 120(8). doi: 10.1001/ar- chopht.120.8.1024.
Dry eye syndrome is not merely an inconvenience; it can precipitate a range of serious complications if left untreated. One of the primary concerns is corneal damage. The cornea, which functions as the eye’s clear, protective outer layer, is particularly susceptible to damage when the eyes are not adequately lubricated. This can lead to painful eye infections, as the natural barrier against pathogens is compromised. Over time, the recurrent damage and inflammation can result in corneal scarring, which may cause blurry vision and interfere with daily tasks. 6

The discomfort associated with dry eye is also significant. Sufferers frequently report a stinging or burning sensation, alongside a persistent feeling of dryness or as if something is in their eye. This discomfort can be exacerbated for contact lens wearers, who may find their tolerance for lenses greatly reduced, impacting their vision correction options. 6

Moreover, the chronic nature of dry eye can severely affect one’s quality of life, making everyday activities uncomfortable and less enjoyable. To prevent these complications, proactive treatment and management of dry eye are essential. This typically involves a multifaceted approach including artificial tears, prescription medications, and possibly lifestyle changes. 6

For those experiencing persistent symptoms, a consultation with an eye care professional is imperative. They can provide a comprehensive evaluation and guide patients on the best course of action to manage their condition, preserve their vision, and maintain overall eye health and comfort.

6 Bron, Anthony J., Cintia S. de Paiva, Sunil K. Chauhan, Stefano Bonini, Eric E. Gabison, Sandeep Jain, Erich Knop, Maria Markoulli, Yoko Oga- wa, Victor Perez, Yuichi Uchino, Norihiko Yokoi, Driss Zoukhri, and Da- vid A. Sullivan. 2017. “TFOS DEWS II Pathophysiology Report.” Ocular Surface 15 p.16 ;17
Neglecting to treat dry eye can indeed have detrimental effects on your ocular health, potentially leading to a series of complications over time. Chronic dry eye, if left unchecked, can result in persistent inflammation of the eye’s surface, which may then escalate to corneal damage. The cornea, being the clear, protective outer layer of the eye, is vital for vision, and any damage to this area can be particularly concerning. 8

Moreover, the persistent dryness and resultant damage to the eye’s surface tissues can increase the susceptibility to eye infections. Such infections not only exacerbate discomfort but can also contribute to a cycle of worsening symptoms and further harm. In severe cases, the ongoing lack of adequate lubrication and protection can lead to significant vision problems, as the quality and clarity of the corneal surface are compromised. 8

Therefore, it is imperative to address dry eye symptoms proactively. Seeking timely treatment and management is not just a matter of comfort, but a crucial step in preserving eye health. By consulting with an eye care professional, you can receive a tailored treatment plan that may include artificial tears, prescription medication, associated to lifestyle changes to mitigate symptoms. Proactive management is the key to preventing the potential long-term damages associated with untreated dry eye.

8 Jones, Lyndon, Laura E. Downie, Donald Korb, Jose M. Ben- itez-del-Castillo, Reza Dana, Sophie X. Deng, Pham N. Dong, Gerd Geerling, Richard Yudi Hida, Yang Liu, Kyoung Yul Seo, Joseph Tauber, Tais H. Wakamatsu, Jianjiang Xu, James S. Wolffsohn, and Jennifer P. Craig. 2017. “TFOS DEWS II Management and Therapy Report.” Ocu- lar Surface 15(3):575–628.
Menopause is indeed a significant life transition that can bring about various physical changes, including the onset of dry eye symptoms in women. The hormonal fluctuations that characterize this phase, particularly the decline in estrogen levels, play a crucial role in this phenomenon. Estrogen is not only pivotal for reproductive health but also for maintaining the health of the ocular surface. It helps to sustain the tear film that protects and hydrates the eyes. 6;7

As women enter menopause, the reduced levels of estrogen can disrupt the delicate balance of the tear film, leading to a decrease in tear production or alteration in tear composition. This hormonal imbalance can result in increased eye dryness and a corresponding sensation of discomfort. The symptoms can manifest as a persistent dryness, a gritty or scratchy feeling, or even a burning sensation in the eyes. These symptoms are indicative of the condition known as dry eye syndrome, which becomes increasingly common as women progress through menopause.2;7

Given the link between menopause and dry eye, it’s important for women experiencing these symptoms to recognize that they may be part of the broader changes associated with this stage of life. Consulting with an eye care professional can provide insights into effective management strategies, ensuring that the discomfort does not diminish one’s quality of life. Through a combination of treatments and lifestyle adjustments, the symptoms of dry eye brought on by menopause can be alleviated.

2 Smith JA. 2007. “The Epidemiology of Dry Eye Disease: Report of the Epidemiology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007).” The Ocular Surface 5(2). doi: 10.1016/S1542-0124(12)70082- 4
6 Bron, Anthony J., Cintia S. de Paiva, Sunil K. Chauhan, Stefano Bonini, Eric E. Gabison, Sandeep Jain, Erich Knop, Maria Markoulli, Yoko Oga- wa, Victor Perez, Yuichi Uchino, Norihiko Yokoi, Driss Zoukhri, and Da- vid A. Sullivan. 2017. “TFOS DEWS II Pathophysiology Report.” Ocular Surface 15 p.16
7 Clayton J.A et al. N Engl J Med 2018;378:2212-23. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1407936
Certainly, it’s possible to suffer from dry eye symptoms on a temporary basis, often triggered by specific situations or conditions. Environmental factors, such as being in a dry, windy climate or exposure to air conditioning, can lead to transient dry eye discomfort. Similarly, prolonged use of digital screens can contribute to dry eye symptoms due to reduced blinking, which is essential for spreading tears evenly across the eye surface. For contact lens wearers, the irritation can be more pronounced, as lenses may absorb tear moisture, leading to dryness. 6
Eye strain from intense focus on visual tasks without adequate breaks can also precipitate temporary dry eye symptoms. It’s important to note that while these triggers are often temporary, they can cause significant discomfort. 6
Additionally, certain medications have dry eye symptoms listed as a side effect.

If you find that your symptoms are not just fleeting and instead persist despite removing the potential triggers, it’s advisable to consult an eye care professional. They can assess your symptoms, identify any underlying causes, and recommend appropriate treatments or interventions to provide relief. Persistent dry eye symptoms should not be ignored, as they can be indicative of a more chronic condition or require professional intervention to manage effectively.

6 Bron, Anthony J., Cintia S. de Paiva, Sunil K. Chauhan, Stefano Bonini, Eric E. Gabison, Sandeep Jain, Erich Knop, Maria Markoulli, Yoko Oga- wa, Victor Perez, Yuichi Uchino, Norihiko Yokoi, Driss Zoukhri, and Da- vid A. Sullivan. 2017. “TFOS DEWS II Pathophysiology Report.” Ocular Surface 15 p.16 ;17
While dry eye disease is a condition that often cannot be completely cured, there is a silver lining in the form of effective management strategies. The approach to treating this ailment is individualized, taking into account the specific causes and the severity of the symptoms experienced by the patient. For many, relief can be found through the use of artificial tears, which help to supplement the eye’s natural moisture. In more severe cases, prescription medications may be necessary to address underlying inflammation or other contributing factors to dry eye.3;4

Lifestyle changes also play a pivotal role in managing dry eye disease. Simple adjustments, such as reducing screen time, avoiding exposure to windy or dry environments, and using a humidifier, can significantly alleviate symptoms. Additionally, for some individuals, more involved interventions may be required. This could include procedures to conserve or produce more tears, or the use of specialized contact lenses designed to retain moisture on the eye's surface.5

Given the nuanced nature of dry eye disease, it’s crucial for individuals to seek personalized advice from an eye care professional. These experts can provide a tailored treatment plan to manage symptoms effectively, ensuring that each patient receives the appropriate care for their unique situation. Thus, while a cure may not be available, with the right combination of treatments, those suffering from dry eye disease can often find considerable relief and maintain a good quality of life.

3 Shtein, Roni M. 2011. “Post-LASIK Dry Eye.” Expert Review of Ophthalmology p.19;26;30;32
4 Cohen, Eyal, and Oriel Spierer. 2018. “Dry Eye Post-Laser-Assisted in Situ Keratomileusis: Major Review and Latest Updates.” Journal of Ophthalmology 2018. P.1-3;5;6
5 Agarwal, Priyanka, Jennifer P. Craig, and Ilva D. Rupenthal. 2021. “For- mulation Considerations for the Management of Dry Eye Disease.” Pharmaceutics p.1 ;6-7
Dry eye syndrome, a prevalent condition affecting countless individuals, refers to the discomfort caused by the eyes’ failure to maintain a healthy layer of tears. This ailment is not just about occasional dryness, but a chronic issue characterized by a consistent lack of sufficient lubrication and moisture on the eye’s surface due to inadequate tear production or poor tear quality. The symptoms are multifaceted and often include a persistent dry sensation, accompanied by a burning or itching feeling, sand or foreign body sensation in the eyes, that can be quite distressing. Redness often manifests, signaling irritation and inflammation. 1;2

Moreover, sufferers may experience an ironic twist of excessive tearing, as the eyes attempt to compensate for the underlying dryness, and a troubling sensitivity to light that can make everyday environments feel overwhelmingly bright. Adding to the complexity of this condition is the occurrence of intermittent blurry vision, which can disrupt the simple yet vital act of seeing clearly. These symptoms collectively not only cause physical discomfort but can also impact the daily lives of those affected, making it essential to recognize and address dry eye syndrome with appropriate treatments and lifestyle adjustments to restore comfort and clarity of vision. 1,2

1 Lemp MA. 2007. “The Definition and Classification of Dry Eye Dis- ease: Report of the Definition and Classification Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye Workshop (2007).” The Ocular Surface p.84
2 Smith JA. 2007. “The Epidemiology of Dry Eye Disease: Report of the Epidemiology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007).” The Ocular Surface 5(2). doi: 10.1016/S1542-0124(12)70082-4.

Lid care

Vaccines against chickenpox, shingles, measles and mumps break the chain of transmission of the viruses and prevent all types of diseases related to these viruses, including conjunctivitis1.
There is no vaccine against adenoviruses, hence one can catch colds and conjunctivitis throughout one’s life.
As styes come from a bacterial infection, one could reckon that they are contagious.

But actually, they are not: the bacteria that are responsible for styes are normally present on the skin of all humans. Thus, the infection that induces the stye is promoted by local conditions that allow an excessive growth of these bacteria, such as inflammation caused by contact lenses, blepharitis or rubbing your eyelids.
You shall first undergo an eye and general health check-up, to make sure that you do not have risk factors that would favor the styes, such as blepharitis, rosacea, diabetes…

Then, eyelid cleansing must be included in your daily routine: remove eyelid and face makeup thoroughly before bedtime, clean the eyelids with specific eyelid gentle scrubs or wipes.
You should ask medical advice if the stye is very painful or very swollen, or if it does not get better within a few weeks, or if your vision is affected.
In most cases, yes, one can manage a stye without medical help, as styes usually resolve spontaneously.

To reduce the swelling and help the stye heal, you can use clean compresses soaked in warm water or a heating mask and hold them against the affected eye for 5 to 10 minutes, 2 to 4 times a day.

To relieve the pain, you can take over-the-counter painkillers.

You shall not try to burst a stye or remove an eyelash by yourself. This can spread the infection3, and if necessary, must be performed by healthcare professionals.

You shall avoid wearing contact lenses and eye make-up until the stye has burst and healed.
A chalazion is also a lump on the eyelid, and sometimes very alike a stye, but a chalazion does not involve an infection.

A stye comes from an infection of an eyelash root or of a gland and is usually redder and much more painful than a chalazion, which is a painless swelling that grows slowly.
It is recommended not to wear contact lenses and not to use eye makeup, especially eyeliner and mascara, while you have symptoms.

As blepharitis is most often chronic, to completely stop wearing contact lenses can be an option to improve a blepharitis that recurs or resists treatments.
If you have blepharitis for the first time, it would be useful to have a consultation with an ophthalmologist to make a proper diagnosis and begin the most appropriate treatment.

If you have chronic or recurrent blepharitis, you should visit your doctor when your basic care and usual treatment is no more able to control the symptoms, especially in case of severe pain, vision changes, excessive discharge.
Blepharitis is related to the eyelids, whereas conjunctivitis is related to the conjunctiva, which is the clear outer layer at the surface of your eyes.

But as eyelids and conjunctiva are in close contact, and as several conditions are common risk factors for blepharitis and ocular surface diseases, the inflammation may affect both or spread from one to the other.
You may think that a disease related to mites and yeast and bacteria is necessarily contagious.

But the Malassezia yeast, the Demodex mites and the Staphylococcus Aureus are normally present on the skin of everybody, and your children, partner, friends and colleagues have them as well as you.

The blepharitis arises when for some reason, there is an overgrowth of these organisms in an individual.

Thus, no, blepharitis is not contagious.
If your blepharitis is related to a medication or any transient problem, it can be eradicated without relapse.

Unfortunately, most blepharitis derive from chronic conditions, and require a lifelong treatment, especially daily eyelid hygiene that is the best way to control blepharitis and avoid acute bursts. Medical treatments may often be prescribed intermittently if you stick to the eyelid hygiene.
Contact dermatitis is not related to an infection, and as such is not contagious.

Nevertheless, it is possible to transfer an irritant or allergenic product from your hands to people you take care of. For example, nail varnish on your fingernails may cause contact dermatitis to your child, especially if he/she has atopic dermatitis or if there is an allergic streak in the family.
Periocular dermatitis typically has a good prognosis, with most cases resolving within one month of treatment5.

In contact dermatitis, relapse depends on the successful identification and elimination of the causative agent5.

Atopic dermatitis, which is a chronic lifelong disease, can be controlled in most cases, but this implies to apply emollients daily on the affected areas and to stick thoroughly to your prescribed treatment.
It’s important not to use olive oil or aqueous creams containing sodium lauryl sulfate on your eyelids as these are both known to damage the skin barrier in eczema.
Some complications may occur with eyelid dermatitis:

  • Infections: scratching or rubbing the eyes can help bacteria to settle and create an infection of the skin or in the eye.

  • Neurodermatitis: chronic scratching or rubbing can increase the urge to itch. Persistent scratching can cause the skin to become discolored and thickened.


In addition, eyelid dermatitis may affect the quality of life, as itching and stinging can cause discomfort and sleep trouble.
If you are aware of the products that triggered the dermatitis, either allergens or irritants, avoiding them is the best and the most natural strategy to cure the dermatitis.

Moreover, in order to prevent further irritation or infection, you should refrain from rubbing and scratching your eyes. Touch your eyelids only when necessary, wash the eyelids and apply treatments, and always with clean, rinsed hands.

Wrap-round spectacles provide a protection from cold, wind, dust particles, pollen etc. Spectacles can also make it easier to stop scratching and rubbing the itchy eyelids. Cold clean compresses may also help.

It is recommended to avoid eyelid and eyelashes cosmetics, as well as any other possible irritants such as harsh soaps, soaps and moisturizers with fragrance, at least until the dermatitis has cooled down.

Finally, you should moisturize your eyelids frequently with an emollient for sensitive skin, to avoid the main known skin irritants included in standard creams: this will smoothen the skin, protect it from airborne particles and chemicals, and alleviate itching.

Sometimes, these non-medical measures are not enough and must be supplemented by medication.
Eyelid hygiene is vital for those with MGD because it helps in cleansing the eyelids and removing crusts and secretions. Regular eyelid hygiene prevents relapses and should become a daily routine, similar to brushing teeth. Given the eyelid's skin delicacy, it's essential to use products without preservatives that respect the eyes and eyelid skins.
Eyelid hygiene routine is essential for MGD treatment. The primary steps include eyelid warming, eyelid massage, cleansing the eyelids, eyelashes, and the eyelid edge. This routine helps in removing crusts, secretions, and ensuring the proper expulsion of fat secretions from the glands.
MGD is the most common cause of dry eyes. The Meibomian glands, situated within the eyelash edges, produce lipids that lubricate the eye's surface. If these glands are not working efficiently, it results in the eyes becoming dry. Proper functioning of these glands is crucial to prevent the evaporation of the eye's natural moisture.
MGD, also known as Meibomian Gland Dysfunction, refers to a condition where the Meibomian glands located on the inside of the eyelids become clogged. These glands are responsible for producing lipids that lubricate the eye's surface and prevent evaporation. When these glands don't function correctly, it can lead to dry eyes. MGD is a chronic disorder, and its treatment should be regular and prolonged to control and reduce its signs and symptoms.